Kuva yatangira hakiri kare mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose na nyuma yayo, inganda z'ubucuruzi za polymers - molekile ndende ya sintetike ya “plastike” ikunze kwibeshya - yakuze vuba.Muri 2015, hakozwe toni zisaga miliyoni 320 za polymers, usibye fibre, ku isi hose.
[Imbonerahamwe: Ikiganiro] Kugeza mu myaka itanu ishize, abashushanya ibicuruzwa bya polymer ntibigeze basuzuma ibizaba nyuma yubuzima bwabo bwa mbere.Ibi bitangiye guhinduka, kandi iki kibazo kizakenera kongera kwibanda mumyaka iri imbere.
URUGANDA RWA PLASTICS
"Plastike" yahindutse uburyo butari bwo bwo gusobanura polymers.Mubisanzwe bikomoka kuri peteroli cyangwa gaze karemano, izi ni molekile ndende zumunyururu zifite amajana kugeza ku bihumbi muri buri munyururu.Iminyururu ndende yerekana ibintu byingenzi bifatika, nkimbaraga nubukomezi, molekile ngufi ntishobora guhura.
"Plastike" mubyukuri ni uburyo bugufi bwa "thermoplastique," ijambo risobanura ibikoresho bya polymeriki bishobora gukorwa kandi bigahinduka hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe.
Inganda za polymer zigezweho zakozwe neza na Wallace Carothers muri DuPont muri 1930.Ibikorwa bye bitoroshye kuri polyamide byatumye ubucuruzi bwa nylon bugurishwa, kubera ko mu gihe cyintambara yabuze ubudodo bwatumaga abagore bashaka ahandi bashakira imigabane.
Igihe ibindi bikoresho byabaye ingume mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abashakashatsi barebeye kuri polimeri ya sintetike kugira ngo buzuze icyuho.Kurugero, itangwa rya reberi karemano kumapine yimodoka ryahagaritswe nabayapani bigaruriye Aziya yepfo yepfo yepfo, biganisha kuri polymer synthique ihwanye.
Amatsiko aterwa n'amatsiko muri chimie yatumye habaho iterambere rya polymers ya sintetike, harimo na polipropilene ikoreshwa cyane hamwe na polyethylene yuzuye.Bamwe mu bapolisi nka Teflon, batsitaye ku bw'impanuka.
Amaherezo, guhuza ibikenewe, iterambere ryubumenyi, hamwe na serendipité byatumye suite yuzuye ya polymer ushobora guhita umenya nka "plastike."Izi polymers zacururizwaga vuba, bitewe nubushake bwo kugabanya ibiro byibicuruzwa no gutanga ubundi buryo buhendutse kubikoresho bisanzwe nka selile cyangwa ipamba.
UBWOKO BWA PLASTIC
Umusaruro wa polimeri yubukorikori kwisi yose wiganjemo polyolefine - polyethylene na polypropilene.
Polyethylene ije mu buryo bubiri: “ubucucike buri hejuru” na “ubucucike buke.”Ku gipimo cya molekuline, polyethylene yuzuye cyane isa n'ikimamara gifite umwanya uhoraho, amenyo magufi.Ku rundi ruhande, verisiyo yubucucike buke, isa nkikimamara gifite amenyo aringaniye kuburyo budasanzwe - muburyo bumwe nkumugezi ninzuzi zacyo iyo bigaragara hejuru.Nubwo byombi ari polyethylene, itandukaniro ryimiterere rituma ibyo bikoresho bitwara ukundi iyo bikozwe muma firime cyangwa nibindi bicuruzwa.
[Imbonerahamwe: Ikiganiro]
Polyolefine yiganje kubwimpamvu nke.Ubwa mbere, zirashobora kubyazwa umusaruro ukoresheje gaze gasanzwe ihendutse.Icya kabiri, ni polimeri yoroheje yubukorikori yakozwe murwego runini;ubucucike bwabo buri hasi kuburyo bareremba.Icya gatatu, polyolefine irwanya ibyangijwe namazi, umwuka, amavuta, isuku yumuti - ibintu byose izo polymers zishobora guhura nazo mugihe zikoreshwa.Ubwanyuma, biroroshye guhinduka mubicuruzwa, mugihe bikomeye kuburyo ibipfunyika bikozwe muri byo bitazahinduka mumodoka itwara abantu yicaye izuba umunsi wose.
Ariko, ibyo bikoresho bifite ingaruka mbi.Zitesha agaciro buhoro buhoro, bivuze ko polyolefine izabaho mubidukikije mumyaka mirongo kugeza ibinyejana.Hagati aho, ibikorwa byumuyaga numuyaga birabikuraho, bikora microparticles ishobora kuribwa n amafi ninyamaswa, bigatuma bazamuka murwego rwibiryo batugana.
Gusubiramo polyolefine ntabwo byoroshye nkuko umuntu yabishaka bitewe no gukusanya no gukora isuku.Oxygene n'ubushyuhe bitera urunigi kwangirika mugihe cyo kubyara, mugihe ibiryo nibindi bikoresho byanduza polyolefine.Gukomeza gutera imbere muri chimie byashizeho amanota mashya ya polyolefine yongerewe imbaraga nigihe kirekire, ariko ibyo ntibishobora guhora bivanga nandi manota mugihe cyo gutunganya.Ikirenzeho, polyolefine ikunze guhuzwa nibindi bikoresho mubipfunyika byinshi.Mugihe izi nyubako nyinshi zubaka zikora neza, ntibishoboka gusubiramo.
Polimeri rimwe na rimwe iranengwa ko ikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze gasanzwe.Nyamara, igice cya gaze gasanzwe cyangwa peteroli ikoreshwa mugukora polymers ni gito cyane;munsi ya 5% ya peteroli cyangwa gaze gasanzwe ikorwa buri mwaka ikoreshwa mugukora plastike.Byongeye kandi, Ethylene irashobora kubyazwa umusaruro wibisheke Ethanol, nkuko bikorwa mubucuruzi na Braskem muri Berezile.
UKO PLASTIC YAKORESHEJWE
Ukurikije akarere, gupakira bitwara 35% kugeza 45% bya polymer synthique yakozwe muri rusange, aho polyolefine yiganje.Polyethylene terephthalate, polyester, yiganje ku isoko ryamacupa y’ibinyobwa hamwe nudusimba twimyenda.
Kubaka no kubaka bitwara andi 20% ya polymers yose yakozwe, aho umuyoboro wa PVC na mubyara wa chimique biganje.Imiyoboro ya PVC ntiremereye, irashobora gufatanwa aho kugurishwa cyangwa gusudira, kandi irwanya cyane ingaruka mbi za chlorine mumazi.Kubwamahirwe, atome ya chlorine itanga PVC iyi nyungu ituma bigora cyane kuyisubiramo - ibyinshi birajugunywa nyuma yubuzima.
Polyurethanes, umuryango wose wa polymers bifitanye isano, ikoreshwa cyane mugukingira ifuro kumazu n'ibikoresho, ndetse no mububiko.
Urwego rutwara ibinyabiziga rukoresha ubwinshi bwa thermoplastique, cyane cyane kugabanya ibiro bityo bikagera ku bipimo ngenderwaho binini bya peteroli.Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi uragereranya ko 16% by’uburemere bw’imodoka isanzwe ari ibice bya pulasitike, cyane cyane ku bice by'imbere n'ibigize.
Toni zirenga miliyoni 70 za thermoplastique kumwaka zikoreshwa mumyenda, cyane cyane imyenda na tapi.Ibice birenga 90% bya fibre synthique, ahanini polyethylene terephthalate, bikorerwa muri Aziya.Ubwiyongere bw'imikoreshereze ya fibre ikoreshwa mu myambaro bwaje buterwa na fibre naturel nka pamba nubwoya bw'intama, bisaba ubwinshi bw'ubutaka bwo guhinga.Inganda za fibre synthique zabonye iterambere rikomeye kumyambarire no mubudodo, bitewe ninyungu zumutungo udasanzwe nko kurambura, gukurura amazi, no guhumeka.
Nko mubijyanye no gupakira, imyenda ntabwo isanzwe ikoreshwa.Ugereranyije umunyamerika atanga ibiro bisaga 90 by'imyanda.Nk’uko Greenpeace ibivuga, abantu basanzwe mu 2016 baguze imyenda 60% buri mwaka kuruta uko abantu basanzwe babigenzaga mu myaka 15 mbere, kandi ikabika imyenda mu gihe gito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jul-03-2023